The Italian word gelo (dje-loh) refers to intense cold, typically at or below 0°C (32°F), which causes water to freeze into ice. It derives from the Latin word gelu, meaning “intense cold” or “ice.”
The word is used in various contexts to describe harsh weather conditions, as in phrases like È arrivato il gelo (“The frost has arrived”) or Ha fatto gelo stanotte (“It was freezing last night”). Mind, though: in meteorology, there is a distinction between “days with frost,” where the minimum temperature is at or below 0°C, but the maximum rises above 0°C, and “frost days,” when temperatures remain below 0°C all day.
Beyond its literal meaning, gelo also takes on figurative connotations in Italian. It can indicate a sudden chill caused by fear or astonishment, as in the expression Sentire un gelo nelle ossa (“to feel a chill in one’s bones”). Metaphorically, it describes a cold or unfriendly atmosphere, for example: C’era gelo tra di loro (“There was a coldness between them”).
The first recorded use of gelo in the Italian language dates back to the late 13th or early 14th century, with Dante Alighieri using the term gielo in Convivio (1304-1307)to refer to intense cold. Indeed, in Italian literature, gelo has been equally used to evoke images of severe cold or emotionally cold atmospheres; for instance, the poet Giorgio Caproni writes: Il fiume giù a fondovalle, e il gelo che il suo alito aggiunge alla boscaglia (“The river down in the valley, and the frost its breath adds to the forest”), a great image to describe the freezing air of our woods.
Il gelo notturno ha coperto i campi di brina.
The night frost has covered the fields with frost.
Tra di loro c’era un gelo che rendeva difficile la conversazione.
There was a coldness between them that made conversation difficult.
Il lago è ricoperto di uno strato di gelo.
The lake is covered with a layer of ice.